Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
As the monsoon season arrives, it brings relief from the scorching heat but also increases the risk of certain health issues, with dengue fever being one of the most prevalent mosquito-borne diseases during this time. This comprehensive guide aims to provide an in-depth understanding of dengue fever, including its symptoms, available treatment options, and effective preventive measures. By being aware of the signs, seeking timely medical attention, and taking necessary precautions, you can protect yourself and your loved ones from this potentially severe illness.
Section 1: Understanding Dengue Fever
1.1 What is Dengue Fever?
Dengue fever is a viral infection caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. This disease is a significant public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, where the Aedes mosquito population thrives. Dengue fever is characterized by flu-like symptoms and can range from mild to severe.
The dengue virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family and has four distinct serotypes: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Each serotype has slight genetic variations, but they all have similar clinical manifestations. The presence of multiple serotypes makes dengue fever a unique and challenging disease to control.
1.2 Transmission and Lifecycle of Dengue Virus
The transmission of the dengue virus occurs through the bite of infected female Aedes mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti. These mosquitoes become infected by feeding on individuals who have dengue fever during the viremic phase, which is the period when the virus is present in high levels in the blood. After an incubation period of 4 to 10 days, the infected mosquito becomes capable of transmitting the virus to another human.
The lifecycle of the dengue virus involves both the mosquito vector and human host. When an infected mosquito bites a human, it injects the virus into the bloodstream. The virus then replicates within various types of cells, including immune cells. This replication leads to viremia, which is the presence of the virus in the blood.
During the viremic phase, an infected individual can serve as a source of the virus for other mosquitoes. When a mosquito feeds on a viremic person, it ingests the virus along with the blood. The virus then replicates within the mosquito’s midgut and spreads to other tissues, including the salivary glands. Once the virus reaches the salivary glands, the mosquito becomes infectious, capable of transmitting the virus to humans during subsequent bites.
It is important to note that the Aedes mosquito has a short lifespan, typically around two weeks. This means that the virus must be transmitted efficiently from one mosquito to another and from mosquitoes to humans to maintain its circulation in the population.
Understanding the transmission and lifecycle of the dengue virus is crucial for developing effective control strategies. By targeting the Aedes mosquito population and interrupting the transmission cycle, it is possible to reduce the incidence of dengue fever. Public health interventions, such as vector control measures and community education, play a vital role in preventing the spread of this disease and protecting individuals at risk.
Section 2: Symptoms and Diagnosis of Dengue Fever
2.1 Common Symptoms of Dengue Fever
Dengue fever presents with a wide range of symptoms, which can vary from person to person. It is essential to be aware of these symptoms to seek prompt medical attention and receive appropriate care. The common symptoms of dengue fever include:
- High Fever: Dengue fever typically begins with a sudden onset of high fever, often reaching temperatures of 104°F (40°C) or higher. This fever can last for several days.
- Severe Headache: Intense headaches, often described as a pounding sensation, are a common symptom of dengue fever. The severity of the headache may vary from person to person.
- Joint and Muscle Pain: Dengue fever is characterized by severe joint and muscle pain, often referred to as “breakbone fever.” This pain can be debilitating and make movement difficult.
- Rash: A rash may appear on the skin of individuals with dengue fever. It typically starts on the torso and spreads to the limbs, resembling a measles-like rash.
- Fatigue: Feeling extremely tired and fatigued is another common symptom of dengue fever. This fatigue can persist for several weeks after the fever has subsided.
It is important to note that while these symptoms are commonly associated with dengue fever, they can also be present in other illnesses. Therefore, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis.
In some cases, dengue fever can progress to more severe forms, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). These severe forms of the disease can be life-threatening. Symptoms of DHF and DSS may include severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, bleeding gums, rapid breathing, and a weak pulse. If you or someone you know experiences these symptoms, immediate medical attention is crucial.
2.2 Diagnosing Dengue Fever
To confirm a diagnosis of dengue fever, healthcare professionals utilize various diagnostic methods. These tests help identify the presence of the dengue virus or antibodies in the blood. The common diagnostic methods for dengue fever include:
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): This test detects the genetic material (RNA) of the dengue virus in a patient’s blood sample. PCR is a highly accurate method and can determine the specific serotype of the virus.
- Antibody Tests: Antibody tests detect the presence of dengue-specific antibodies in the blood. Two types of antibodies are tested: Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG). IgM antibodies appear in the early stages of the infection, while IgG antibodies indicate a past infection or immunity.
It is important to note that diagnostic tests for dengue fever should be performed in a laboratory setting by trained professionals. Self-diagnosis or reliance on home test kits is not recommended, as false results can occur.
If you suspect you have dengue fever or are experiencing symptoms, consult a healthcare specialist for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Early detection and management of dengue fever can significantly reduce the risk of complications and ensure a faster recovery.
Section 3: Treatment and Management of Dengue Fever
3.1 Medical Management
Early diagnosis and medical supervision play a crucial role in effectively managing dengue fever. If you suspect you have dengue fever or have been diagnosed with the illness, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. Your healthcare provider will closely monitor your condition and provide necessary guidance and support.
Supportive care measures are essential in alleviating symptoms and promoting recovery. These measures include:
- Rest: Adequate rest is crucial to allow your body to fight the infection and recover. It is important to avoid excessive physical activity, which can worsen symptoms and delay recovery.
- Hydration: Maintaining proper hydration is essential, especially during a dengue fever infection. Drink plenty of fluids, such as water, oral rehydration solutions, and electrolyte-rich beverages, to replenish lost fluids and prevent dehydration.
- Pain Relief: Dengue fever can cause severe joint and muscle pain. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (paracetamol), can help alleviate pain and reduce fever. Avoid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or aspirin, as they can increase the risk of bleeding.
In severe cases of dengue fever, hospitalization may be necessary for close monitoring and specialized care. This is especially true if you develop warning signs or severe symptoms, such as persistent vomiting, severe abdominal pain, bleeding, or difficulty breathing. In the hospital, healthcare professionals can provide intravenous fluids, manage complications, and ensure your condition is closely monitored.
3.2 Prevention of Complications
Monitoring vital signs and blood parameters is essential in detecting any signs of complications promptly. It is important to regularly check your temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, and hematocrit levels as advised by your healthcare provider. Early detection of complications allows for timely intervention and management.
Dengue fever can lead to potentially serious complications, such as plasma leakage, organ impairment, and hemorrhage. These complications can occur in severe cases of the illness. If you experience any new or worsening symptoms, such as persistent vomiting, severe abdominal pain, bleeding from the gums or nose, or drowsiness, seek immediate medical attention.
3.3 Role of Medications
While specific antiviral medications or treatments for dengue fever are not currently available, supportive care remains the mainstay of treatment. Medications may be used to manage symptoms, such as pain relievers and antipyretics to reduce fever. However, it is important to consult your healthcare provider before taking any medications, as they can have potential side effects and may not be suitable for everyone.
In addition to medications, your healthcare provider may recommend certain precautions and lifestyle modifications to support your recovery. These may include getting plenty of rest, maintaining good hygiene, and avoiding mosquito bites to prevent further transmission of the virus.
Remember, it can be a serious illness, and it is important to follow the guidance of healthcare professionals for proper management and care. With early diagnosis, appropriate medical supervision, and supportive care measures, most individuals recover from dengue fever successfully.
Section 4: Prevention Strategies for Dengue Fever
4.1 Mosquito Control Measures
Effective mosquito control measures are crucial in preventing the transmission of dengue fever. By reducing mosquito populations and eliminating breeding sites, you can significantly lower the risk of contracting the virus. Here are some important measures to consider:
- Eliminate Breeding Sites: Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water. Regularly check your surroundings for any potential breeding sites, such as uncovered water containers, flower pots, discarded tires, or clogged gutters. Empty, clean, or cover these sources of standing water to prevent mosquitoes from laying their eggs.
- Use Mosquito Repellents: Apply mosquito repellents on exposed skin to ward off mosquito bites. Look for repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper and safe application.
- Install Window Screens: Use window screens or mosquito nets to prevent mosquitoes from entering your living spaces. Ensure that the screens are in good condition and free from any holes or gaps.
4.2 Personal Protection Methods from Dengue
In addition to mosquito control measures, personal protection methods can help minimize your risk of contracting dengue fever. Here are some important steps to consider:
- Wear Protective Clothing: When venturing outdoors, especially during peak mosquito activity times (dawn and dusk), wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, socks, and closed-toe shoes to minimize exposed skin.
- Use Mosquito Nets: Sleeping under mosquito nets, especially treated nets, can provide an extra layer of protection against mosquito bites while you sleep.
- Use Mosquito Repellents: Apply mosquito repellents on exposed skin and clothing, following the instructions on the product label. Reapply as needed, especially after sweating or swimming.
4.3 Community Efforts and Public Health Measures to Prevent Dengue
Preventing dengue fever requires collective efforts and community participation. Here are some community and public health measures that can help reduce the risk of dengue transmission:
- Community Clean-up: Encourage your community to organize regular clean-up campaigns to eliminate mosquito breeding sites. This can include removing trash, clearing drains, and promoting proper waste management practices.
- Public Health Initiatives: Local authorities often undertake initiatives such as fogging and larviciding to control mosquito populations. Support these efforts by cooperating with health officials and following their recommendations.
4.4 Travel Considerations to Avoid Dengue
If you are traveling to dengue-endemic areas, it is important to take precautions to avoid dengue fever. Here are some travel considerations:
- Prevent Mosquito Bites: Use mosquito repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus. Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, socks, and closed-toe shoes. Sleep under mosquito nets, especially if accommodation lacks adequate protection.
- Stay Informed: Stay updated on the local dengue situation in your travel destination. Be aware of any outbreaks or high-risk areas and take necessary precautions accordingly.
- Follow Travel Advisories: Follow travel advisories issued by health authorities or your home country’s embassy. These advisories may provide specific recommendations and guidelines for preventing dengue fever.
Dengue fever is a significant health concern during the monsoon season, but with the right knowledge and proactive measures, its impact can be minimized. By understanding the symptoms, seeking early diagnosis, and following appropriate treatment, individuals can effectively manage the illness. Equally important are preventive measures such as mosquito control and personal protection methods, which can significantly reduce the risk of contracting dengue fever. Remember, individual efforts combined with community-wide initiatives play a crucial role in preventing the spread of dengue fever. Stay informed, stay protected, and enjoy a safe and healthy monsoon season.
Dengue Cure: Procedure, Cost And Side Effect | Dengue Treatment
Dengue is the vector-borne viral infection, regarded as a severe public health problem. It is transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Dengue is considered as the major public health concern due to increase in the frequency of dengue fever over past three decades. Every year about 390 million dengue infections are reported where 70% of 96 million cases are reported in Asia.
See: 7 Ways to Protect Eyes in Summers
Early Signs and symptom of Dengue:
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- Chronic fever with any of the following conditions:
- Rashes on skin
- Body pain
- Nausea with persistent vomiting
- Mucosal bleeding
- Abdominal Pain
2. Sometimes the disease became severe when the condition is asymptomatic lead to the life-threatening situation of organ impairment.
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Laboratory findings For Dengue
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- Low platelet count below 100, 000 cells/mm3
- Positive tourniquet test
- Low WBC count
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Treatment of Dengue
- Paracetamol is preferred to reduce fever but should be used with caution.
- For the treatment of diarrhoeal disease oral rehydration solution is recommended.
- Salicylates like aspirin should not be used as they increase the risk of bleeding.
- In prolonged uncontrolled shock there will be intravascular coagulation which causes bleeding and may lead to the development of lethal shock.In such cases, early and effective replacement of plasma losses with fluid and electrolyte solution results in a favorable outcome.
- Platelet transfusion is required when the platelet counts are below 20,000.
- If patients show signs of shock, he will be under constant and careful observation where pulse, blood pressure and respiration should be recorded every 30 minutes.
- Complete bed rest is advised until the recovery of the patient.
Cost of the Dengue treatment
Corporate hospitals generally charge between in the range of Rs. 10,000 to Rs. 15,000 for the platelet separation. Since the costs of platelet transfusion are not regulated and thus private hospitals are free to charge as per their price. The Dengue Ns1 test cost varies in different parts of India between the range of Rs. 600 to Rs. 1200. So the total costs of dengue treatment lie in the range of Rs. 25000 to Rs. 75000 depending on the severity. The recovery rate and safety profile of dengue treatment is high with very low side effects.
Side effects of the Dengue treatment
There are no such side effects of the dengue treatment as the safety profile of the treatment is high. But some risks like low immunisation, too much dehydration, pain due to the chronic fever will be there.If the patients treated early with all the precautionary steps increases the recovery.
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How to stay Hydrated in Summer | Guide to stay Hydrated!
As summer hits, you need to keep in mind few important tips to stay hydrated through the hot temperatures.
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Drink enough water to prevent dehydration:
Drink at least 8 ounces glasses of water per day. In the morning, immediately after waking up, have one glass of water. Drinking enough water will also keep your skin dehydrated and will reduce the amount of skin dehydration.
If you’re too bored of consuming regular water, then go for coconut water. Coconut water consists of potassium, magnesium, sodium, and calcium, and is a mineral-rich liquid which helps in replenishing lost fluids and electrolytes.
2. Avoid caffeine, energy drinks and alcohol:
A very common idea is that an ice cold coke or an iced coffee would help one to deal with the heat, but in reality, these drinks dehydrate you even more. Similarly avoid alcohol as much as possible. If you are going to drink alcohol then make sure you drink enough water after each alcohol beverages, as this will help in balancing and will reduce the amount of dehydration.
3. Consume water-filled fruits and veggies:
Fruits like watermelon, melon, strawberries, berries, oranges, and cantaloupes will keep you hydrated.
NOTE: You can also add chia seeds to your diet.
4. Exfoliate your skin:
Exfoliation helps in removing dull and dead skin debris to prevent congestion and thus improves your skin and hydrates it. Also, exfoliate your skin at night to remove unnecessary makeup and oil from your skin.
5. Apply Sunscreens:
Sunscreens are a must before the direct exposure of your skin to the sun. Layer your skin with summer skin care products such as moisturizers with SPF or sunblocks or sunscreens. You can also doctor prescribed ointments or moisturizers. Sunscreens protect your skin from harmful Ultra violet rays.
6. Wear lite Clothing
Make sure to wear breathable clothes and should always carry goggles and hats along with you so as to protect your skin and face from getting damaged.
7. Do not wait till you are thirsty:
It happens often, by the time you feel thirsty you’re already dehydrated. So as to avoid dehydration, drink enough water at regular intervals.
8. Treat Sun Damage:
UV light makes the skin dull thus causing photoaging in the form of coarse skin, brown spots, pigmentation, and wrinkles. When sunlight comes in direct contact with the skin it causes damage to it like inflammation and irritation. Soothe your skin, apply cooling balms. Apply and re-apply sunscreen every two hours when in doubt. Use skin age-fighting products to undo any damage to your skin.
I hope this brief article helps you to stay hydrated in summer.
8 Home Remedies that can cure your Cough and Cold with an Ease!
Home remedies for a Cough and Cold always come to the rescue for treatment of primary level of the disease. They are majorly the kitchen remedies for the elimination of a cough and treatment of throat infection. These remedies mostly include ayurvedic treatment remedies.
The list of home remedies is majorly used for the treatment of a cough and cold.
1. Honey: Honey is a preferred home remedy for a sore throat. Honey also relieves coughs more effectively than over-the-counter medicines that mainly contain dextromethorphan (DM), a cough suppressant.
2. Peppermint: the herbal activity of Peppermint leaves are well known for their healing properties. The Menthol present in peppermint soothes the throat and acts as a decongestant, helping to break down mucus in the throat.
3. Thyme: another medicinal plant used is Thyme for treatment of respiratory illnesses. This plant helps relieves coughing as well as short-term bronchitis. The thyme leaves contain compounds called flavonoids that relax the throat muscles involved in coughing and lessen inflammation on the inner wall of the throat.
4. Turmeric: Turmeric is majorly used as The main ingredient in turmeric is curcumin. Curcumin present in turmeric is treasured for its disease preventing and tumor-fighting abilities. The action of turmeric to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and addition to honey, have been widely used to treat the common cold, coughs, headaches, sore throats, and congestion effectively.
5. Green tea: Green tea as a natural herb has six different kinds of antioxidants that differ based on which part of the plant mainly the stems, bud, leaf. The distinctive mix of all these antioxidants make this tea an effective antiviral drink and cures a cough and cold.
6. Eucalyptus: this plant is considered as an all-purpose plant The benefits from eucalyptus’s essential oils or tea leaves are many. The oils are majorly used to treat infections, pain, anxiety, cancer, diabetes, digestive problems, dermatitis, asthma, upper
respiratory infections, mastitis, sore throat, colds, cases of flu, spasms, leprosy, encephalitis.
7. Vitamin D: the most vital of all is the Vitamin D is the only vitamin that is produced the bodies in sufficient amounts. The amount of this vitamin D multiplies proportionality after exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D main activity is in the helping of move calcium into the bones and also boosts immune system the other cells like neutrophils, monocytes, and natural killer
(NK) cells to protect the body from interfering microbes by the body acting immune system.
8. Ginger: Ginger has another antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pain relieving properties all in one to cure the body of multiple illnesses. According to Ayurvedic medicine study, ginger has the power to boost the immune system, warm the body, and rid the lungs and sinuses of toxins. Ginger also with this has the ability to treat respiratory illnesses such as coughs, upper respiratory infections, and asthma.
We think Answer is NO !!!!
Root canal treatment is a procedure to clean and restore an infected tooth which is damaged by deep cavities or some external factors like trauma, fracture or wear and tear over longer duration. Root canal treatment becomes necessary when the core or the pulp tissue inside the tooth gets infected or inflamed. This is the best way to save the tooth rather than to pull it out and place an artificial replacement. Success rate of root canal procedure is exceeding to 90 percent where tooth remains functional , pain free and helps in chewing. Signs and symptoms What your dentist checks for it 1 ) x rays are taken to confirm the diagnosis. 2 ) when patient bites on an instrument that is kept between the teeth some pressure or pain can be felt. 3 ) dentist check Vitality of the pulp with electronic pulp tester . Procedure of root canal treatment 1) Anesthesia is given locally to numb the affected tooth 2) Tooth is isolated with a rubber sheet or cotton to ensure the least contamination with external environment or microorganisms present inside the mouth. 3) An opening is made from the center of the tooth to the pulp canal. Newer techniques enable dentist to see the minor opening of root canal with a microscope. 4) After opening is made through the walls of tooth or pulp chamber, very thin needle like instruments known as files of different diameter are inserted to clean the non vital pulp tissues ,nerves and debris from the root canal. 5) Tooth is cleaned and irrigated with water and sodium hypochlorite which acts as a disinfectant. 6) once all pulp tissue comes out proper irrigation is done . 7) After 2 , 3 days these canal are filled and packed with root canal filling materials available as gutta percha, resin bonded restorative materials etc. Once root canal treatment is done patient may feel immediate relief of that intense pain with a fast recovery. Sometimes antibiotics are also require during and after the procedure. It is advised to avoid chewing food from the root canal treated side to face any discomfort for some days after treatment. A crown made up of porcelain or metal is placed over the root canal treated tooth because these teeth are more vulnerable to fracture. It is very important to maintain a very good oral hygiene after a root canal treatment. Proper brushing and flossing ensure a healthy environment inside the mouth. A six month visit to dentist is always appreciable for a routine dental check up. A tick-borne illness caused by the bacterium Boreland Burgdorferi. The most common sign of infection is an expanding area of redness on the skin, that begins at the site of a tick bite. The rash is typically neither itchy nor painful. This rash often is in a bull’s eye pattern and flu-like symptoms. Patients treated with appropriate antibiotics in the early stages of Lyme disease usually recover rapidly and completely. Antibiotics commonly used for treating this disease are DOXYCYCLINE, AMOXICILLIN, CEFUROXIME AXETIL. In some cases, these symptoms can last more than 6 months. Chronic Lyme Disease is sometimes called as Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS). The ticks which cause this disease are mainly present on deers. This disease affects people of all ages, mainly in the people who spend their most of the time in the outdoor activities as they have higher exposure to ticks. Well, Lyme Disease is totally curable in the early stage with the use of antibiotics. If you don’t go for a cure, it may increase complications by created problems with joints, nervous system and heart. Which are further treatable with some medical help. We recommend you to get cured at early stage asap. To know whether you are infected with any Lyme disease you have to wait a bit like rases will keep appearing in between 3 to 30 days after an infected tick bite. The infected area will get red, and some kind of itching and pain is also seen in many cases. We suggest you get medical help for Lyme diseases asap. Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that speeds up the life cycle of skin cells and forces them to build up on the skin. As a result, the patient’s skin forms scales and red patches that itches in the later stage. The word ‘Psoriasis’ originated from a Greek word ‘psōrian – to have an itch’. Not to panic is the first step towards the recovery of any disease since stress; obesity and lethargic lifestyle are the prime reasons of psoriasis. The aim of the treatment is to slow down and stop the rapid growth of skin cells with least possible side effects. The first step towards the treatment of psoriasis involves checking the type and severity of disease. The treatment is divided into 3 categories viz. The traditional method of dealing with the psoriasis patient is topical creams and phototherapy and then move towards stronger treatment, if necessary. Mild to moderate psoriasis is effectively treated using creams and ointments applied on the skin and falls under topical psoriasis. This includes: C)Anthralin Anthralin (Dritho-Scalp) not only halts skin cell growth but also removes scales and makes skin smoother. It is applied for a short time due to its irritating and staining properties. If Psoriasis is severe then topical creams are combined with oral medications and phototherapy. As the name suggests during this treatment natural or artificial UV rays are provided to the affected area in controlled amounts. These light rays may be used either alone or in combination with medications. The doctor prescribes oral or injected drugs when the psoriasis is resistant to other treatments. This is known as systemic treatment. Some of these medications are used for only brief periods and may be alternated with other forms of treatment because of severe side effects. Retinoids Related to vitamin A, this group of drugs may help if you have severe psoriasis that doesn’t respond to other therapies. Not recommended for pregnant women. Common side effects of oral medication are lip inflammation and hair loss. It can also affect liver and production of White Blood Cells, Red Blood Cells and platelets. Patients suffering from psoriasis must be resilient and should take one step at a time towards the treatment of this disease. They should not let the disease affect the psychology of a patient. “I am struggling through a very deep depression due to the fact that I can’t have baby. No one in my social circle understands it, neither do my family. I feel so alone and unhappy”, pleads one of my sister’s friend. Female infertility is defined as a disease or condition of the reproductive system resulting in the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected, well timed intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to the delivery of a live baby. There are two types of infertility in women. They are: primary infertility which refers to a condition in which a woman has never been able to conceive; and secondary infertility in which the woman was successful in conceiving once but unsuccessful at the second time. Now let us take a look into the common reasons as of why female are infertile. Obesity – affects hormone production which thereby decreases ovarian function. Obese women at the age of 18 are sure to get Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) which is the most common and leading cause. Being too lean – makes one’s periods irregular or even absent. Getting older – due to perimenopause occurs, ovulation decreases and egg count declines. Household chemicals – pesticides, pollutants, industrial wastes decrease pregnancy by 29% says a study. Mother – women should ask their mothers about how old she was when she got her menopause. If she got early then probably their daughters too will. Every female is born with some amount of eggs. Certain genetic factors make them born with more or less eggs or use those eggs faster than an average woman. Smoking – nowadays it is common among teenage and young adults. In the first place smoking affect your chances for getting pregnant, in the second place it hurts the developing fetus. Even moderate smoking or second hand smoking may damage endocrine function and lead to significant fertility issues. 13% of infertility cases are due to smoking. Alcohol – few drinks a week won’t affect but heavy drinking leads to ovulation problems. Swedish study tracked 7000 women for 18 years and found that heavy drinkers sought out fertility treatments. Drinking during early stage causes premature births. Breastfeeding – it is a myth that pregnancy is impossible during breastfeeding but it is true that a woman nursing a child has trouble conceiving another one. A 2014 study from the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine shows that women who wait less than 18 months have a shorter pregnancy or preterm birth. Exercise – a 2012 study published in Fertility and Sterility say that normal weight women who exercise vigorously have a harder time getting pregnant. Obvious sign may be change in menstrual cycle. Birth control – if a woman stops taking all forms of hormonal birth control she will become pregnant within a month. Thyroid disease – subclinical undiagnosed hypothyroidism have subtle effects on fertility of women. Caffeine – interferes with muscle contraction that help eggs travel from ovaries to the womb. Medical conditions – health issues like polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometrioses (endometrial tissue implants and grows outside the uterus leading to pregnancy complications), uterine fibroids (non-cancerous lumps in or outside a woman’s womb leading to heavy bleeding during pregnancy, frequent urge to urinate, painful sex and infertility in women) can affect women’s chances of getting pregnant. Also woman suffering from autoimmune disorders, have trouble conceiving since their bodies reject fertilized egg. Sexual infections – sexually transmitted disease like chlamydia or gonorrhea cause pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility problems even after many years a woman contracts them. Stress – it is not only the problem but women who have trouble getting pregnant are adopting stress management programs. Perceived stress can certainly alter hormonal levels and ovulation. Epileptics – reproductive abnormalities and fertility problems are common in epileptic females. Unexplained reasons – the causes are not clearly defined or identifiable that happens in 20% of infertility cases. These may be overcome by using drugs to stimulate ovulation, surgery in some cases, intra uterine insemination and in vitro fertilization. There is a unique pain that comes from preparing a place in your heart for a child that never comes. Those couples who have undergone this incomparable pain lament, “We wanted to write exactly what it is to lose a child, but for some reason the page stayed empty. And we could not have explained it any better.” All those who suffer out there my feeble advice will be ‘adopting a child may not change your world but for that child the whole world may change.’ Stents are tubes made of plastic or metal or any other biocompatible material that are inserted into certain passageways in the body to allow free movement of various substances through the pathway. In certain cases such as of problems bile drainage from the liver due to ascending cholangitis as a result of obstructing gallstones. Stents are most commonly used in the coronary artery. This is done to regulate blood flow which is hampered due to problems such as deposition of fat along the arterial walls, hardening of the arterial walls, etc. The stent is placed in the artery during a procedure called angioplasty. Stents are also used in the carotid , iliac and femoral arteries. Uretal stents are used for urine drainage in cases where the functioning of the ureters – which are tubes connecting the urinary bladder to the urethra , are affected. A stent may also be passed through the penile and prostatic urethra. It is known as prostatic stent. Stents are also used in the esophagus when swallowing food becomes difficult due to esophageal cancer. Stenting like any other medical procedure comes with it’s own set of drawbacks and risks. Placement of a stent in the body can lead to formation of clots. As a result , the patient has to be put on various blood thinning drugs such as warfarin or aspirin. Scar tissue(plaque) can also form along the walls leading to narrowing of arteries. This can lead to narrowing of arteries . This condition is called restenosis. Another complication is a condition called thrombosis. In this condition , formation of blood clots is seen within the stent after one year of placement. Stents made of bare metals are known as First Generation Stents. A major drawback observed is that around 25% of coronary arteries treated with bare metal stents close up again usually in about 6 months. Hence the patient is treated with the appropriate drugs. This results in the reduction of failure rates to less than 10%. The need for replacements is reduced considerably among the diabetic population. Stents made of plastic and other biocompatible materials are known as Second and Third generation stents. The balloon expandable stent is the stent that is commonly used now. The costs vary from region to region and also depend on the type required. However in recent times, researchers have been coming up with more long lasting and affordable stent models. The consulting firm Global Data stated that the global market for coronary stents is estimated to go up to $5.6 billion by 2020. In 2016 , the FDA approved a new type of stent made up of a special polymer that eventually dissolves into the body. It releases a drug called everolimus which limits the growth of scar tissue . New Second and Third generation stent designs are being developed in clinical trials. One such model which is being developed has a covering that delivers an anti-restenosis drug for months and then becomes a bare metal stent. Another version is supposed to be absorbed by the body after it has sufficiently widened the pathway and disappears completely The main API in Viagra is a sildenafil citrate, is an orally active drug discovered by Pfizer for the treatment of Male Erectile Dysfunction. Sildenafil is an act by a selective inhibitor of (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), and increasing NO(Nitric Oxide) action in corpus cavernosum.Viagra is an under Schedule H drug (that means to be sold at retail on the prescription of registered medical practitioner only) Oral Bioavailability of Sildenafil is ~40% and mainly metabolized by the enzyme CYP3A4. Viagra dose recommended in a dose of 50 mg, if it’s not effective then increased in dose i.e. 100 mg before intercourse NO(Nitric Oxide) is important to regulatory of pulmonary vascular resistances, PDE-5inhibits lower pulmonary atrial pressure. The Sildenafil is only PDE-5 inhibitors shown improve arterial oxygenation in pulmonary hypertension. Because of these the sildenafil/Viagra drug of choice for this condition. A Side effect of Viagra is mainly due to PDE-5 inhibitor-related such as vasodilation, headache, nasal congestion, dizziness, flushing, fall in B.P.(Blood Pressure), loose motion, skin rashes, vomiting, abnormal vision. The manufacture advises that sildenafil/Viagra is should not be used in patients with a hereditary retinal degenerative disease because of its weakly inhibits isoenzyme PDE-6 which is involved in photoreceptor transduction in the retina. As such, impairment of color vision, especially blue-green discrimination occurs in recipients. In few cases of sudden loss of vision due to nonarteritic ischemic point neuropathy (NAION) has been reported. Viagra is contraindicated in Coronary heart disease & those patients taking Nitrate is increasing risk of potentially life threating hypotension Also, caution is advised in some races which is suffering from sickle cell anemia, myeloma, and in leukemia. Drug–Drug interactions with Viagra are Antifungal, Antibiotics, Antianginal (Nitrate), some anti-hypertensive medicine
Root Canal Treatment
What is Lyme Disease? Everything you need to know about it!
What is Lyme Disease?
People suffering from this disease may experience joint pain and weakness in the limbs. They may also experience stiffness or swelling in the joints, headache, fatigue, fever or malaise. In some cases, symptoms may also include facial paralysis and arthritis. This disease produces symptoms depending on the stage of infection.Can you get cured of Lyme disease?
How will you know if you have Lyme Disease?
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