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6 years ago

Answer for Sar mein sujan

After felling down, if she didn’t fell unconscious or didn’t had vomiting, it seems that the injury is not severe. If the pain is bothering you, over the counter pain killer may be used , or you may consult a doctor for further evaluation.

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6 years ago Medical

Viagra and its side effects

The main API in Viagra is a sildenafil citrate, is an orally active drug discovered by Pfizer for the treatment of Male Erectile Dysfunction. Sildenafil is an act by a selective inhibitor of (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), and increasing NO(Nitric Oxide) action in corpus cavernosum.Viagra is an under Schedule H drug (that means to be sold at retail on the prescription of registered medical practitioner only)

Oral Bioavailability of Sildenafil is ~40% and mainly metabolized by the enzyme CYP3A4. Viagra dose recommended in a dose of 50 mg, if it’s not effective then increased in dose i.e. 100 mg before intercourse

NO(Nitric Oxide) is important to regulatory of pulmonary vascular resistances, PDE-5inhibits lower pulmonary atrial pressure. The Sildenafil is only PDE-5 inhibitors shown improve arterial oxygenation in pulmonary hypertension. Because of these the sildenafil/Viagra drug of choice for this condition.

A Side effect of Viagra is mainly due to PDE-5 inhibitor-related such as vasodilation, headache, nasal congestion, dizziness, flushing, fall in B.P.(Blood Pressure), loose motion, skin rashes, vomiting, abnormal vision.

The manufacture advises that sildenafil/Viagra is should not be used in patients with a hereditary retinal degenerative disease because of its weakly inhibits isoenzyme PDE-6 which is involved in photoreceptor transduction in the retina. As such, impairment of color vision, especially blue-green discrimination occurs in recipients. In few cases of sudden loss of vision due to nonarteritic ischemic point neuropathy (NAION) has been reported.

Viagra is contraindicated in Coronary heart disease & those patients taking Nitrate is increasing risk of potentially life threating hypotension

Also, caution is advised in some races which is suffering from sickle cell anemia, myeloma, and in leukemia.

Drug–Drug interactions with Viagra are Antifungal, Antibiotics, Antianginal (Nitrate), some anti-hypertensive medicine

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6 years ago Medical

Diagnostic tests for dengue

The epidemic arbor viral disease “DENGUE “is caused by an infection with 1 of the 4 stereotypes of virus called Flavivirus. This arthoropod borne illness is predominantly transmitted by mosquitoes of genus Aedes ( Aedes albopictus , Aedes aegypti). Historically this illness was documented in the Chinese encyclopedia of symptoms during chin dynasty (CE 265 – 420). First outbreak of dengue has been recorded in 1635 in west indies , as the time flew  this illness became more epidemic gaining new names  in accordance with its occurrence (1779 – 1780) as “Break bone fever” in Asia, North America, Africa and ” Dandy fever” in regions of East Africa ( 1820).

Incubation period of dengue is 3 – 14 days and the symptoms may begin after the 2 weeks of transmission. Progression of this illness can be categorized into initial dengue in which symptoms like”Dengue triad “(Fever, headache, rash) can be seen and the severe dengue stage shows dengue hemorrhagic syndrome, dengue shock syndrome. Both of these severe stages include maculopapular rash on the skin, myalgia, vomiting, arthralgia, altered taste sensation, dehydration. Early detection of this disease is less harmful and can be cured effectively where as if left untreated may even lead to fatal risk of life, death.

DIAGNOSIS:

Various sophisticated techniques have been developed these days which are more efficient in diagnosing it. Serological diagnosis has been cardinal in early stages of dengue in which the amount of antibody titers including IgM and IgG are checked in paired serum samples. Viral genome sequences in autopsy, serum, cerebrospinal fluid can be diagnosed using RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). NS1 (Nonstructural protein) test along with Immunofluorescence essays like MAC –ELISA test are more popular in early detection of illness. In patients suspected with dengue significant low levels of WBC, neutrophils, and platelet counts are seen hence complete blood picture can rule this out. Hematocrit level are known to rise up to 20% hence for every 24 hours, these levels are to be monitored. Coagulation studies include testing prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin, fibrinogen levels. Ultrasonography is recommended to rule out the suspicion of pleural effusion and thickened urinary bladder in case of dengue hemorrhagic fever. In case of early coagulation guaiac testing is done followed by typing and cross matching of blood ( In dengue shock syndrome ) .Complete urine examination tests , CSF test , should be done in order to exclude or confirm patient condition of body fluids .Biopsy of skin lesions may reveal any abnormality in blood vessels. Head computed tomography is performed to check any intra cranial bleeding in case of dengue hemorrhagic fever. PRNT (plaque reduction neutralization test) is used to determining the type of stereotype of virus causing dengue in which the serum sample is diluted with viral suspension and the amount of plaque formation units are measured. This quantifies titer of neutralizing antibodies for a virus.

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6 years ago Medical

Hepatitis C

About Hepatitis C

Hepatitis is defined as the inflammation of the liver. The vital organ plays an important role in the processing of food, enzyme secretion, residual cleaning and metabolism of medicines. Any damage or inflammation of the liver affects the body functions, affecting the body functions.  Heavy alcohol toxins, strong medications and autoimmune conditions cause hepatitis C.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to both acute and chronic infection. Acute HCV infection is usually asymptomatic and is only very rarely associated with the life-threatening disease.

Many people are not aware of acute conditions, which further develop into the chronic illness, causing severe problems like liver cancer, liver failure.

 

Transmission:

Hepatitis C is a blood prone virus. The common modes of transmission are:

  • Injecting drug through similar syringes
  • using again or insufficient sterilization of medical equipment, like syringes, needles in primary healthcare centres
  • Transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products
  • Clotting factors of unscreened value
  • Sexually transmitted from mother to child from womb, only if the mother is infected.

Risk groups for hepatitis C:

  • Patients undergoing dialysis for longer term
  • Healthcare co-workers who have blood exposure like needle stick to an infected person on their job
  • Children born to HCV-infected mother
  • People having multiple sex partners
  • Received a blood from an already suffering HCV patient

The symptoms are:

  • Fatigue Yellow skin and eyes (jaundice)
  • Loss of appetite
  • Dark-colored urine
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Joint Pain
  • Abdominal pain
  • Clay-colored stool

These symptoms may appear about 6 to 8 weeks after exposure, but this time period can vary among individuals

HCV infection is diagnosed in 2 steps:

  1. Screening meant for anti-HCV antibodies with a serological test that identifies people who have been infected by way of the virus.
  2. If the test is positive for anti-HCV antibodies, a nucleic acid test for HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) is essential to authenticate chronic contamination

 

Prevention

There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, consequently, prevention of HCV infection depends upon reducing the risk of exposure to the virus in health-care settings and in higher risk populations like, individuals who inject drugs, and throughout sexual contact.

Primary prevention measures include:

  • Hand hygiene: with surgical hand preparation, hand washing and use of gloves;
  • Safe and proper use of health care injections;
  • protected handling and discarding of surgical sharps and waste;
  • Comprehensive harm-reduction services to individuals who inject drugs as well as sterile injecting equipment;
  • Testing and analysis of donated blood for hepatitis B and C (and for HIV and syphilis);
  • Comprehensive training of health personnel
  • Encouragement of the correct and regular use of condoms.

 

Secondary prevention measures include:

  • Patient-centric education and counselling on options for care and treatment;
  • Complete immunization with the hepatitis A and B vaccines to avert co-infection from these hepatitis viruses and to shield their liver;
  • Early and suitable medical management together with antiviral therapy
  • Standard monitoring for near the beginning diagnosis of chronic liver disease.

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CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

About chronic renal failure:

Kidney disease is a silent killer with no prominent signs of warning. In this disease the nephrons are severely affected, altering the normal functioning of the kidney.  It affects the kidney functions like regulating of fluid and electrolyte balance, controlling blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system, governing blood count through erythropoietin synthesis, directing parathyroid and skeletal function through phosphate elimination and activation of vitamin D.

 The primary signs of renal failure are:

  • High blood pressure
  • Changes in the amount of urine passed and frequency of urination
  • Alteration in the urine composition
  • Presence of blood and pus cells in the urine
  • Swelling of ankles and legs
  • Loss of appetite and insomnia
  • Shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting and severe itching
  • Bad breath and metallic taste in the mouth

Chronic kidney damage is When the GFR rate is less than 60ml/min/1.73ml2 for more than 3 months or any other damage evidence for more than 3 months, calls for chronic kidney damage.

Kidney damage is of following types:

  • Albuminuria
  • Haematuria
  • Pathological abnormalities
  • Structural abnormalities.

Diagnosis of chronic renal disease:

  • Tests for presence of albumin and blood in urine
  • To check level of glomerular filtration rate and concentration of other waste products in the urine
  • Blood pressure tests, as kidney disease results in development of higher blood pressure
  • Ultrasound and CT scan to check any morphological abnormalities in the kidney and urinary tract, to locate tumours or kidney stones.

Results of the above tests determine :

  • Glomerular filtration rate
  • Albuminuria
  • Creatine
  • Urea composition
  • Potassium

 

Stages of chronic renal failure:

The rate of nephron duration differs for every individual ranging from several months to years. This progression of renal failure occurs in primarily 4 stages: diminishes renal reserve, renal insufficiency, renal failure and end-stage kidney disease.

  • Stage 1: normal GRR greater than or equal to 90 ml/min/1.73mI3
  • Stage 2: slightly decreased GFR 60-89 ml/min/1.73mI3
  • Stage 3a: mild-moderate decrease in GFR between 45-59 ml/min/1.73mI3
  • Stage 3b: moderate-severe decrease in GFR between 30-44 ml/min/1.73mI3
  • Stage 4: severe decrease in GFR between 15-29 ml/min/1.73mI3
  • Stage 5: kidney failure as GFR decreases to less than 15 ml/min/1.73mI3 or dialysis is started.

Patients at risk of chronic renal failure:

  • High blood pressure
  • Chronic Diabetes
  • History of heart problems like heart attack, failure or stroke
  • Genetic history of renal failure
  • Obese patients (BMI>30)
  • Chain smokers
  • Previous episode of acute kidney injury

 

Treatment :

  • Blockade of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or an angiotensin receptor blocker is the primary treatment to prevent progression of the disease
  • Blood pressure control (<140/90), reduces the renal disease progression and cardiology morbidity and mortality
  • Optimal management of comorbid diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
  • Monitoring of other related complications like anaemia, electrolyte abnormalities, irregular fluid balance, mineral bone disease and malnutrition
  • Dialyses like haemodialysis and periodontal dialysis or final kidney transplantation

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6 years ago FirstAidPlus

8 Early Warning Signs of Kidney Damage Most People Ignore

Major function of kidneys

There are but a few blood purifiers and these are all in the body. We know them as the liver, lungs, kidneys and few glands!

Kidneys are the vital organs of body which act as a unit of filtration. They have various functions to play:

  • Filtration of blood to flush out the toxic wastes.
  • Maintain the electrolyte balance of sodium, potassium and water at constant.
  • Secrete various essential hormones one such hormone is renin which regulates the blood pressure.

So the main function of kidney is to remove the excess waste out of our body and defects of kidneys can cause waste accumulation. The imbalance of electrolytes causes the condition of water retention. Kidneys maintain our blood pressure this is the reason why major patients suffering from kidney diseases also have the risk of alter blood pressure.

Kidney diseases are called “quiet diseases “as they silently affect your health and due to lack of symptoms many people did not get to know about them. Sometimes due to negligence many people ignore the early signs of kidney diseases.

 

8 Early warning signs of kidney damage

  1. Puffiness or swelling: This is the earliest and most detectable symptom of alteration in kidney functions. We have discussed earlier that kidneys regulates the water retention and removal of toxic fluids. Defects in the kidneys causes the fluid retention which further causes inflammation or pitting edema. Parts which exceptionally get affected are ankle, legs, and face.
  2. Change in urination: Association of urination and kidneys is integrated. Early signs of risk are mostly associated with the abnormality of urination. Changes are as follows:
  • Difficulty and burning while urination
  • Urine with strong odour and much darker colour
  • Inconsistency of urine with froth and bubbles
  • Haematuria or blood in urine
  • Frequent urination majorly during night
  • Change in the output of urine in 24 hours

3.Fatigue: You’ll feel tired, weak and there will be loss of appetite. This mainly due to the hormonal disturbances of erythropoietin which is secreted by kidney. Erythropoietin produces red blood cells and reduced production of red blood cells due to hampered kidney results in weakness and fatigue more than the normal days.

4.Dry and itchy skin: In kidney diseases skin become dry and itchy. As kidneys maintain the fluid concentration of the body and purifies blood by removal of harmful toxins. So, if the toxins are not flushed out they remain under the skin and causes breakouts such as acne, dry and rough skin. These can be the signs of early defects in kidney.

5.Flank or lower back pain: There will be complaint of severe lower back pain or may be around the sides of the back. The intensity of pain is very high and unbearable. Doctors sometimes associate this flank pain with the kidney or bladder stone.

6.Metallic taste in mouth: Due to intensification of the toxic waste and protein accumulation you will feel metallic taste in your mouth.

7.Nausea and vomiting: When the toxic wastes get accumulated people feel nauseated rather than usual days. This also leads to decreased appetite.

  1. Low concentration levels and dizziness: Any defect in kidney function results in low count of blood cells. This leads to the increased risk of anaemia and lower oxygen supply to the brain. All this causes trouble in concentrating, memory loss and sometimes dizziness.

 

These were some initial signs of kidney diseases which should not be ignored and one should consult the doctor as early as possible after noticing any of these symptoms.

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6 years ago Health , LifeStyle , Medical

Morning after-pill or emergency contraception

Morning after pill or emergency contraception pills are over the counter drugs available to prevent pregnancy within 72 hours of unprotected sex or intercourse. There are many popular brands available like i-pill and unwanted 72. They are very high dose of the hormone progestin/levonorgestrel which are known to prevent fertilization/conception by way of delaying to stopping ovulation.

 

Effectiveness of emergency contraception

 

If taken within 72 hours, emergency contraception pills are known to prevent pregnancy in 99% of the cases. The user need not to worry about pregnancy if she has consumed the medicine within the stipulated 72 hours.

 

Side effects of emergency contraception

 

As all the emergency contraceptive pills are very high dose of the hormones, they are known to cause certain side effects which are common to the early symptoms of pregnancy. This often leads the user confused and baffled that she might be pregnant. However, in most of the cases, it’s not the pregnancy, but the emergency contraception pill, which is producing the symptoms. The symptoms include the following:

  1. Abdominal pain
  2. Nausea
  3. Vomiting
  4. Fatigue
  5. Headache
  6. Dizziness
  7. Breast tenderness
  8. Delay in menstruation
  9. Occasional bleeding or spotting
  10. Weight gain

 

These side effects may continue for a month or two. The menstrual cycle may remain disturbed for next few months. In long run, being an steroid, these medicines cause substantial weight gain in the users.

Emergency contraceptives and STDs

Emergency contraceptive pills do not provide any protection from sexually transmitted disease like HIV, gonorrhoea or syphlis. Additional safety measures like condoms should be preferred for protection from such sexually transmitted diseases which could prove life threatening in long run.

 

Emergency contraception pills are not for regular use. Such high dose of hormone, if taken regularly might cause very serious side effects. So, they should never be used as regular method of contraception and should be avoided as far as possible.

6 years ago

Answer for Headache

Any head injury should be properly investigated through CT Scan, specially if the injury is followed by unconsciousness or vomiting and nausea. Please get the test done and consult a neurologist, so as to rule out the possibility of any clot or internal brain injury.

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7 years ago Health

Food Poisoning

Food Poisoning

 

Food poisoning is an intense gastro-enteritis caused by the ingestion of the food or drink sullied with either living microscopic organisms or their poisons or inorganic synthetic substances and toxic substance conveyed from the plants and creatures.Food poisoning results when you eat food contaminated with bacteria or other pathogens such as parasites or viruses. Your symptoms may range from upset stomach to diarrhea, fever, vomiting, abdominal cramps and dehydration. Most such infections go undiagnosed and unreported. People often recognize these symptoms as a 24-hour stomach virus.

Food Poisoning Occurs when someone consumes food that is tainted by bacteria,parasites or viruses. The duration and severity of a case of food poisoning cases are not serious and can be treated by drinking water and passing the infection through your system.

 

Food Tainted Due to Poor Sanitation ,Storage or Cooking :

 

  • People preparing food should always wash their hands , counter tops , cutting boards and utensils .
  • Food should be stored in appropriate containers at appropriate tempratures.
  • Raw meat should be stored seperately from other foods to avoid cross-conatmination .
  • Food should always be cooked to the appropriate temprature, especially meats.

 

Symptoms of Food Poisoning Include :

  • Fever
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Cramps
  • Diarrhea

 

Tainted Food Sources

  • The Food product may have come from infected animals or crops .
  • The farms ,packing plants ,or factories which processed the food may have unsanitary conditions.
  • The food maybeen exposed to insects , rodents or oher pests.

 

Severe case of Food Poisoning can lead to:  

  • Arthritis
  • Kidney Failure
  • Brain and Nerve Damage
  • Death

 

Diagnosis

 

For the vast majority sustenance harming is not a wellbeing condition that requires an “official” determination from a GP or consult a gastroenterologist. You won’t typically require therapeutic consideration. The side effects should clear up after about seven days. Be that as it may, if you’re heaving proceeds for over 3 days, you have blood in your regurgitation as well as stools, and you endure seizures (‘fits’), at that point mastermind a meeting with your GP. Subsequent to taking your therapeutic history and getting some information about your side effects, you might be made a request to have a blood test. The test is to check for disease and furthermore to discount other conceivable wellbeing conditions, a large number of which have the same or fundamentally the same as side effects to sustenance harming.

7 years ago

Answer for ibs

You have already been diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Anticholinergic and antispasmodic medicines like hyoscyamine (Levsin) or dicyclomine (Bentyl), can help relieve painful bowel spasms. Nausea and vomiting are related to it and you could choose to have such medications.

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